1- قطعهی زیر یک جستار کوتاه از Delight نوشتهی ج. بی. پریستلی است، که یک مجموعهی کوچک از نوشتههای شخصی است:
Giving advice
Giving advice, especially when I am in no position to give it and hard know what I am talking about. I manage my own affairs with as much ca and steady attention and skill as – let us say – a drunken Irish tenor. I swing violently from enthusiams to disgust. 1 change policies as a woman changes hats. I am here today and gone tomorrow, When I am doing one job. I wish I were doing another. I base my judgments on anything – or nothing. I have never the least notion what I shall be doing or where I shall be in six months time. Instead of holding one thing steadily, I try to juggle with six. I cannot plan, and if I could would never stick to the plan. I am a pessimist in the moming and an optimist at night, am defeated on Tuesday and insufferably victorious by Friday. But because I am heavy, have a deep voice and smoke (a pipe, few people realize that I am a flibbertigibbet on a Weathercock. So my advice is asked. And then, for ten minutes or so, I can make Polonius look a trifler. 1 settle deep in my chair, two hundred pounds of portentousness, and with some first-rate character touches in the voice and business with pipo, I begin: ‘Well, I must say that in your place-‘ And inside I am bubbling with delight.
سعی کنید نوشتهی بالا را به زبان مقصد خودتان ترجمه کنید. توجه ویژهی خود را معطوف به معنای ضمنی و تصویر کلی که نویسنده از خودش ارائه میدهد، کنید. اگر ضرورت داشته باشد، توضیحات ممکن (یا استراتژیهای دیگر) را که میتواند به خوانندهی مقصد کمک نماید تا استنباطهای صحیحی از جملات مؤلف انجام دهد، ارائه دهید. برای مثال، ببینید که آیا یک قیاس مثل تغییر دادن خطمشیهای سیاسی همانند اینکه زنی کلاههایش را عوض میکند، میتواند همان معنی ضمنی را در زبان مقصد شما داشته باشد.
این نوشته در مجلهی لیترچر این انگلیش، یکی از مجموعههای انگلیسی امروزی که توسط شورای ملی معلمان زبان انگلیسی چاپ میشود (1964) چاپ گردید ویراستاران توضیحات زیر را برای کلمات و عبارات کلیدی بهصورت پانویس ارائه کردند. ممکن است این موارد را کمککننده بیایید.
driunken Irish tenor: A drunken singer is not in control of himself. Priestley is suggesting that the manages his own affairs badly.
Flibbertigibbet on a weathercock: A flibbertigibbet is a frivolous and giddy person. A weathercock is a wooden or metal rooster that turns on top of a building and shows the direction of the wind. The whole expression suggests a very undependable person.
Polonius: a character in shakespeare’s Hamlet, noted for giving advice.
Two hundred pounds of portentousness …: In other words, a large man (‘two hundred pounds’) using an impressive voice and using impressive gestures with his pipe (‘some first- rate character touches’) gives grave (‘portentous’) advice. This is a humorous description of the author’s pose.
2 و 3- دو صفحه از کتاب افست شده در ایران در این کتاب جاافتاده و بهاشتباه صفحات دیگری از کتاب در بخش تمرینات آمده است. مترجم باوجود تلاش زیاد برای یافتن کتاب اصلی و اورجینال، و حتی فرستادن ایمیل برای نویسندهی کتاب، متأسفانه نتوانست به آن دست یابد و درنتیجه تمرینات شمارهی 2 و 3 ازقلمافتاده است.
4- کتاب علمی استفان هاوکینگ تحت عنوان تاریخچهی مختصری از زمان از بیگ بنگ تا سیاهچالهها (1988) حاوی تعدادی ضمیمه است که هر یک بینشی راجع به زندگی و شخصیت یک دانشمند مشهور عرضه میکند. در زیر یکی از این موارد آمده است:
Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton was not a pleasant man. His relations with other academics were notorious, with most of his later life spent embroiled in heated disputes. Following publication of Principia Mathematica – surely the most imfluential book ever written in physics – Newton had risen rapidly into public prominence. He was appointed president of the Royal Society and became the first scientist ever to be knighted.
Newton soon clashed with the Astronomer Royal, John Flamsteed, who had earlier provided Newton with much needed data for Principia, but was now withholding information that Newton wanted. Newton would not take no for an answer; he had himself appointed to the goveming body of the Royal Observatory and then tried to force immediate publication of data. Eventually he arranged for Flamsteed’s work to be seized and prepared for publication by Flamsteed’s mortal enemy, Edmond Halley. But Flamsteed 100k the case to court and, in the nick of time, won a court order preventing distribution of the stolen work. Newton was incensed and sought his revenge by systematically deleting all references to Flamsteed in later e
Principia.
A more serious dispute arose with the German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz. Both Leibniz and Newton had independently developed a branch of mathematics called calculus, which underlies most of modern physics. Although we now know that Newton discovered calculus years before Leibniz, he published his work much later. A major row ensued over who had been first, with scientists vigorously defending both contendeers. It is remarkable, however, that most of the articles appearing in defense of newton were originally written by his own hand- and only published in the name of friends! As the row grew, Leibniz made the mistake of appealing to the Royal Society to resolve the dispute. Newton, as president, appointed an ‘impartial’ committee to investigate, coincidentally consisting entirely of Newton’s friends! But that was not all: Newton then wrote the committee’s report himself and had the Royal society publish it, officially accsing Leibniz of plagiarism. Still unsatisfied, he then wrote an anonymous review of the report in the Royal Society’s own periodical. Following the death of Leibniz, Newton is reported to have declared that he had taken great satisfaction in ‘breaking Leibniz’s heart.’
During the period of these two disputes, Newton had already left Cambridge and academe. He had been active in anti- catholic politics at Cambridge, and later in parliament, and was rewarded eventually with the lucrative post of Warden of the Royal Mint. Here he used his talents for deviousness and vitriol in a more socially acceptable way, successfully conducting a major campaign against counterfeiting, even sending several men to their death on the gallows.
تصور کنید که از شما خواستهشده تا ضمیمهی بالا را به زبان مقصد خودتان ترجمه کنید. نسخهی ترجمهای شما قرار است در مجمعهای از مطالب پیشینهای واقعی برای دانش آموزان مقطع متوسطه چاپ شود تا علاقهی آنها را به جهان علوم تحریک کند.
در مورد استراتژیهایی که استفاده کردید تا معانی ضمنی مدنظر هاوکینگ را به مخاطب مقصد خودتان منتقل نمایید، اظهارنظر کنید. برای مثال، آیا نشانگرهای خطی مثل علائم تعجب و گیومه دور کلمهی impartial (پارگراف سوم) را منتقل میکنید، یا راههای بهتری از نشان دادن همین معانی در زبان مقصد خودتان وجود دارد؟ آیا این متن، همان معنی موردنظر نیوتون را در زبان مقصد خودتان انتقال میدهد، همانطور که در انگلیسی چنین است یا تعدیلها و تنظیمهایی برای جا دادن پیشینهی فرهنگی خوانندهی مقصد صورت گرفته است؟
5- اکثر بحثهای ما در کاربردشناسی به راههای «معنی دادن/ معنی گرفتن» یک متن یا تعامل و راههای یافتن شیوههایی برای انتقال تفسیرهای ما به خوانندهی مقصد میپردازد. ولی بعضی از متون معنی و مفهوم را عمداً تضعیف میکنند- ادبیات بیمعنی یک مثال خوب است که در انتهای این پیوستار قرار دارد. متنهای دیگر محدوده «مفهوم» را به شیوههای کمتر بنیادیتری در نظر میگیرند و این کار را با استفاده از ساختارها و عباراتی انجام میدهند که معمولاً نمیتواند در متون کمتر تجربیتر انسجام ایجاد کند، ولی بخشی از پیامی است که در این بافت منتقلشده است. با به خاطر داشتن این موضوع، سعی کنید پاراگراف آغازین زیر از مقاله «طفره رونده» نوشته رابرت یونگ (یونگ 7: 1997) را ترجمه کنید:
Too close to call, whether I am yet beyond the real deadlines that followd the final deadline because of course with deadlines there is always the p[ossibility of a later insertion, at proof stge or even second the real deadlines that followd the final deadline because of course with deadlines there is always the possibility of a later insertion, at proof stage or even second proof sage, or even perhaps- No That is no longer procrastination. That is living dangerously, the very thing the procrastinator wishes to avoid. The procrastinator is no evolutionary, leaping into the future: every procrastinator is at heart a conservative creature, cautious, politic, wishing to live on without the jolt of completion and the rush of emptiness that follows the offering up of a piece of writing no longer just one’s own, now exposed to the possibility of being read, ridiculed, rejected- and producting the inevitable questions of what is coming next. Publish and perish. Unwilling to become the productive academic prestigateur, pulling ever more startlingly innovative writings out of a glamorous top hat, the procrastinator eyes the enfeebled mortar board warily. No key player he.
Nor she- though there is something very gendered about procrastination, an inexorable maleness in the spirit of Tristram Shandy, Leopold Bloom or saleem Sinai. Viagra falls. The procrastinator hangs over the past, furtively stealing time’s proferred moments, seeking to retrieve what has already past, to delay what has not been done. He who hesitates is rarely lost. It may never happen. The present must live on into the future, at all costs it must be kept going, not detached from the past, but nurtured and maintained for its familiar comfort, recognizable, known, safe. Let us linger on, procrastinate that act of fulfilment that belongs to tomorrow, meanly measure out our lives as they unroll slowly through the debris of what has long since lapsed and elapsed. Stay with me, delay with me. Hang on a while.
در نظر بگیرید که یونگ سعی دارد تا با استفاده از ساختهای گوناگون که از آنها استفاده میکند به چه چیزی دست یابد. تا چه میزانی میتوانید این تأثیر را در ترجمهی خودتان تولید کنید، البته همزمان بااینکه یک متن منسجمی مینویسید که برای خوانندگان مقصد بهخوبی معنی میدهد؟
می خواهم فهرست کامل کتاب را ببینم و بعد ادامه بدم
می خواهم بخش بعدی کتاب یعنی کتابهای پیشنهادی برای مطالعهی بیشتر را بخوانم
